Makeup HW Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Makeup HW - Assignment Example Serfdom-that is what it is-and who wants to be a serf?† (Nadya) They also think that they would not be able to co-exist with each other in the community farms because even in their privately owned farms, they still could not go days without disagreeing when Lukyan said â€Å"Nowadays members of the same family get in each other’s way and quarrel and fight, and here we are, strangers, are supposed to be like one family. Can we-dark, beastly muzhiks-make a go of it without scratching each other’s faces, pulling each other’s hair or hurling stones at one another?† (Nadya) They view the agitators of collectivism as people who are intent on destroying their way of life, wanting them to bend to their rule by force. One of the muzhik said, â€Å"We do as we please. ... They claimed that they exploited the resources for their own benefit and did not think of the future whereas they thought of the future. The Communist Party official said â€Å"Isn’t it about time you stopped thinking each one for himself, for his own piggish hide? You koolaks of course will never become reconciled to a new order. You love to fatten on other people’s blood. But we know how to deal with you. We’ll wipe you off the face of the earth, even as we have the capitalists in the city. Make no mistake about our intentions and our powers. We shan’t allow you to profit from the weakness of the bedniak.† (Nadya) Living through Industrialization The Stalinist industrialization enabled the Soviet workers to move from the countryside to the cities, thrust millions of them into technical institutes where they learnt new skills and nurtured new ambition, provided them with jobs, citizenship and enabled them to venture into politics. The Tatar electri cian stated â€Å"Before October, in old tsarist Russia, we weren’t even considered people. We couldn’t even dream about education, or getting a job in a state enterprise. And now I am a citizen of the USSR. Like all citizens, I have the right to a job, to education, to leisure. I can elect and be elected to the soviet (legislative council). Is this not an indication of the supreme achievements of our country?† (Davis) The criticisms voiced in this excerpt are from the citizens who were the actual labourers and they include the soviet worker who wrote a letter in 1938 when he said, â€Å"However, to be honest, those shouts are mechanical, made from habit†¦ in fact, in his heart, when he comes home, this bawler, eulogist, will agree with his family, his wife who reproaches

Middle East History Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Middle East History Questions - Essay Example American had a ‘second war for independence’ with British government. The government rigorously sustained its efforts in integrating the federal states and has sustained its economic expansionism in many of its politically controlled nations in eastern part, in Asia and in Hawaii (Norton & Katzman, 2011). The Great awakening assuaged the removal of slavery and paved toward the recognition of women as partners for economic development. Reconstruction era further bolstered the removal of discrimination and paved the way to naturalization of citizens. The 19th century featured United States as an imperial nation which subjugated Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam in a Treaty of Paris. Industrialization and progressive movements as the west accumulated wealth through import and export policies. The nation upholds the primacy of education to develop skilled and intellectual labor forces. Capitalism became its dominant economic philosophy while government focused on mining, agr iculture, telecommunication development and global marketing. It further gained power as its financial institution gained more control over nations who availed financial supports and loans at the height of economic depression (Norton & Katzman, 2011; Kinzer, 2011). The west gained the image as the first nation, global power and economic authority thru globalization. It wielded military power in World War I and considered communism as a Red Scare, a threat to American idealism, during the World War II. In this war, with allied nations, America supported partners with resources, food, petroleum and technology (Norton & Katzman, 2011; Kinzer, 2011). In 1920s, America suffered Great Depression which resulted to deflation and increase of unemployment rate. They were however able to restore the system by regulating and reforming the banking system, stock market and its economy. The nation vigorously sustained its geographic presence in many nations either by the deployment of its military forces in strategic regions, or by economic relations thru trade and offshore marketing, by gaining over nautical highways, and import-export relations using treaties and agreements (Tuveson, 1980). The mid part of the 19th century was considered as the cold war period where US and Russia gained the reputation of storing weapons of mass destructions. The era also showed partnership of US and Britain in their interest in West Germany, thus the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949. Many decades, thereafter, US waged its anti-terrorism campaign against al-Qaeda network through allied nations. War in Iraq and Afghanistan ensued until the arrest and death of Osama Bin Laden, head of terrorist organization, in Pakistan recently. While America is admittedly dependent on oil from Middle East countries, but eastern nations, most of which are member states of OPEC, have difficulty in adapting the intellectual, technological, economic, and

Dot Net Sap Integration With Exchange Infrastructure Computer Science Essay

Dot Net Sap Integration With Exchange Infrastructure Computer Science Essay The SAP Connectors allow the integration of different applications using its technology with SAP Systems using the standards. The connectors are means for technical interoperability of SAP Components (written in ABAP or ABAP Objects) and other components (e. g. written in Java, C++, Visual Basic, .NET, etc.). There are many types of SAP Connectors such as SAP .NET Connector, SAP JAVA Connector, SAP DCOM Connector, SAP BUSINESS Connector. SAP Exchange Infrastructure is middleware which can be used by various applications and technologies to integrate with SAP using an open protocol and standards. SAP Exchange Infrastructure (SAP XI) is SAPs enterprise application integration (EAI) software, a component of the Net Weaver product group used to facilitate the exchange of information among a companys internal software and systems and those of external parties. Like other Net Weaver components, SAP XI is compatible with software products of other companies. SAP calls XI an integration broker because it mediates between entities with varying requirements in terms of connectivity, format, and protocols. According to SAP, XI reduces integration costs by providing a common repository for interfaces. The central component of SAP XI is the SAP Integration Server, which facilitates interaction between diverse operating systems and applications across internal and external networked computer systems. Exchange Infrastructure SAP Xi- Architecture XI is well suited for connecting SAP systems with each other and with non-SAP. If the focus is not on SAP systems, other solutions might be a better choice today. SAP XI provides an integrated workflow engine that allows to define adapters to non-XML-protocols and mappings to convert data content from source to target. Central XI monitoring offers the following options: Component monitoring Message monitoring Performance monitoring Alert configuration Cache monitoring Business Process Management A business process is an executable, cross-system process. In a business process we can define all the process steps that are to be executed and the parameters relevant for controlling the process. Implement cross-component Business Process Management (BPM) when required to define, control, and monitor complex business processes that extend across enterprise and application boundaries. Integration Engine The Integration Engine is the runtime environment of the SAP Exchange Infrastructure. It enables to process XML messages exchanged between applications in heterogeneous system landscapes. Both applications of SAP components and external applications can communicate with the Integration Engine. Using adapters, the Integration Engine can also process IDocs (Intermediate Documents) and RFCs (Remote Function Calls). This option is available for applications that have already defined IDocs or RFCs, as well as for applications of SAP components that do not yet have access to the proxy generation functions. The following are examples of other important parts of this infrastructure: Proxy Generation Integration Repository Integration Directory The integration processes involved can take place between heterogeneous system components within a company, as well as between business partners outside company boundaries. Adapter Runtime A central component of the adapter runtime is the Adapter Framework, with services for messaging, queuing, and security handling. The adapter framework supports the JCA standard (JCA: J2EE Connection Architecture) and communicates with Resource Adapters, which are either a component of SAP XI or are provided by SAP partners. All adapters shipped by SAP are resource adapters, apart from the IDoc adapter. The following adapter components are based on the adapter framework: Adapter Engine (J2EE): For adapter communication within a system network. Partner Connectivity Kit (J2EE): Enables business partners who do not have SAP XI installed to receive and send messages System landscape Directory Business partners who use SAP Exchange Infrastructure (XI) can exchange messages between their system landscapes. If both business partners use SAP XI 3.0, then we can connect the two Integration Servers to exchange data. An SAP XI 3.0 Integration Server can also send and receive SAP XI 2.0 messages. Therefore, it is also possible to integrate business partners who use SAP XI 2.0. Small business partners who do not use SAP XI can use the Partner Connectivity Kit (PCK) to exchange messages with the system landscape of a business partner who uses SAP XI 3.0. Partner Connectivity Kit The PCK of the smaller business partner receives a message from its system landscape and converts the format of the message to XI message protocol. The message is forwarded to the Integration Server for further processing. To forward XML messages from the Integration Server to a receiver business system in the system landscape of the smaller business partner, the PCK of the business partner receives the message, converts into the format required by the receiver system, and then forwards the message. The PCK contains the following adapters: RFC Adapter File Adapter JMS Adapter JDBC Adapter SOAP Adapter XI Adapter How SAP XI works with .Net? If the .NET application is exposing any API in the form of Web servics, SAP XI can make a call to the web service. If .Net app is on the sending then it can call SAP XI using a HTTP call or using a Web service. WSDL (Web Services Description Language) is generated using SAP XI and then its used to generate the client proxies in VB. The ASP.NET web application interacts with SAP XI using generated VB class and SAP XIs SOAP adapter. WSDL WEB SOAP SOAP RFC User Generate Client proxies using WSDL in VB/C# Reference.cs Form.aspx Form.aspx.cs Webapp.dll ASP.NET Web Appln Steps for connecting .Net with SAP: Configurations from SAP Xi side Create request message mapping. Create response message mapping. Create interface mapping between source target. Create sender communication channel of type SOAP adapter using the outbound synchronous interface and its namespace. Create receiver communication channel of type RFC adapter. Create receiver determination using sender service, outbound synchronous interface, receiver R/3 business system and then create interface determination using RFC and finally create receiver agreement using receiver RFC channel. Create a WSDL for the outbound synchronous interface. Use this URL http://host:port/XISOAPAdapter/MessageServlet?channel=party:service:channel while defining web service. Save the WSDL (Web Services Description Language) in the local system. Configurations in .Net side Open the development environment of Microsoft Visual Studio .NET and create a new project of type Visual Basic using the template ASP.NET Web Application. Copy the WSDL generated using SAP XI in the root folder of web application. Go To solution explorer > References > Add Web Reference. Browse To: Web services on local machines. Select the service and click on Add reference. When the web reference is added for the WSDL the .VB source (proxy) is generated in the Web References folder of the web application. This proxy needs to be compiled into Dynamic Linked Library .DLL. For this, build the web application using Build>Build Web application. The DLL is generated in webapp/bin/ folder Pros Monitoring is better than any other middleware product. It offers exhaustive monitoring features like message, performance, component monitoring etc, all of which can be used to track and rectify the errors. It follows a hub and spoke model. When we need to integrate with an SAP system XI has an advantage in supporting various SAP components and so on. Process functionalities inside XI to modify content in the communication channel on own defined rules for business purposes. Mappings and adapters are good as comparable with any other middleware product. Synchronous Asynchronous communication is possible. Cons Web methods are particularly good if u have B2B kind of communication with their Trading Partners product. XI is lacking full-fledged Message Queue compared to other established Middleware products. It lacks in ability to process huge messages but SAP is working on that. It does not have a messaging layer exposed by APIs like IBM MQ-Series. It is not comparable to Tibco in terms of speed. SAP relies on other vendors except for a few adapters. Conclusion: Currently applications in Honeywell are using the various SAP connectors. Migrating the applications integration to SAP Exchange Infrastructure will get cost advantage by avoiding SAP connector licenses. SAP PI Base Engine is priced based on the overall processed message volume expressed in Gigabytes (GB) per month. The applications will also benefit from modern integration functionalities like delivery assurance, once-only, ordered-delivery, prioritization, review of messages and resubmitting after correction. SAP Xi is one of the key building blocks of enterprise SOA architecture provided by SAP. We can continue to leverage towards Honeywell SOA based IT landscape with SAP Xi.

Preparing for Success in a High Tech World Essay -- essays papers

Preparing for Success in a High Tech World The expectations of teachers when faced with teaching and learning technology can often be a difficult subject. Teacher technology standards can often be hard to define and preparation is needed to ensure the quality of both the teacher and their student’s education. The intention of this paper is to examine educational practices and training experienced by teachers to guide them in the process of implementing classroom activities designed to meet National Educational Technology Standards (NETS). National Expectations of Teachers According to the NETS website, its main goal is to develop standards to guide educational leaders in recognizing and addressing the essential conditions for effective use of technology to support Pre K-12 education. The standards that are being developed and refined are to build a technology foundation and set student standards (which will reflect the teachers teaching skills), the connection of the curriculum and technology, educational support standards, standards for student assessment and evaluation of technology use in learning and teaching, accredited teacher preparation programs, unit guidelines, and general standards for all teachers. These standards are what is shaping the future of educational technology and how it used by both teachers and students. Hopefully they will go into affect soon so that the nation can evaluate what areas of technology need the most attention. A Strong Hold on Technology To ensure a teacher is able to instruct technology properly adequate training must be provided . As well as a large effort put forth by the instructor to gain the knowledge of technology and to be able to teach it. The National Educational... ...rview.html This site went over the ISTE standards as well as overviewed the NETS project and offered other related links. (2000). Teaching and Learning on the Internet. Technology Standards for Teachers. Retrieved September 22, 2003, from http://dragon.ep.usm.edu/capstone/tonette/nets.html This site went over six steps for teaching and learning on the Internet from educational operations and concepts to ethical issues to help teachers understand what, why and how to teach technology. (2003). US Department of Education. Department Seeks Broad Input for New National Education Technology Plan. Retrieved November 23, 2003, from http://www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2003/05/05232003.html This site went over how the US Dept. of Education was going to go about implementing a plan for new technology education and Rod Paige the Dept.’s secretary was directly quoted.

Process Design Matrix OPS/571 Essay

When working for Swim World Inc. it was necessary to help customers in various situations. Customers would bring in their water from pools or spas to be tested and get advice on how best to keep them balanced. It was the duty of the sales representative or manager to help the customer with this important aspect of owning a pool or spa. If the customer had an older spa and was looking at the newer spas on display then the sales representative would inform the customer about the features of the newer spas and what the positive aspects of changing spas would be. The workforce at Swim World Inc. was very small due to the fact that it was a new store and not very well known in the small town it is in. The store was small and with two other stores in Wenatchee and Chelan it was very possible to run with just two people and weekly visits from the delivery crew and service/repair team. With these people coming in and out of the store regularly it was little wonder that the owner only came down from the Wenatchee store once a year to survey what is being done and give the two members of the store a pep talk to get them selling more spas, patio furniture, stoves, and lawn ornaments. This plus a commission on all big ticket items helped to keep the team motivated to make customers happy and move inventory. For the manufacturing process Papa Johns Pizza Delivery was chosen. This store is very well placed in the small town that it operates in. Located on a very busy street in Moses Lake it is centrally located and the whole town can be navigated within an easy ten minutes of the store. This allows the workers within the store to be very detail oriented. Assembling the pizza, cooking it and making sure there are no big bubbles in the dough when cooking is easily done. This makes it very pleasing to the eye and customers are less likely to complain. Drivers can take the completed pizza and deliver it within minutes of coming out of the oven. Hot fresh pizza made with quality ingredients lets Papa Johns Pizza be one of the most successful in the small town where two other big names in the pizza business are all located. Scheduling for Papa Johns Pizza is very carefully done. A shift lead opens the store in the morning to prep for the day to come. Two drivers are there to help open the store and delivery the first orders that come in to the location. Around 1pm in the afternoon the manger and two to three more drivers come in for the afternoon rush. On Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays there are anywhere from two to three drivers for every one inside person working. The evenings have at least a manager or assistant manager and a shift lead on the schedule with anywhere from one to three insiders plus five to six drivers on duty so that pizzas go out quickly and easily to keep customer complaints to a minimum. Both service and manufacturing businesses make sure that they keep customers happy and coming back to the business. Repeat business makes a company happy to hire more employees who adhere to the company’s motto of doing the best job possible for the customer. Scheduling and workforce are a necessary part of the business to make sure there is enough staff on hand to keep the customers from standing in line for a significant amount of time. This one-on-one approach assures customers that they are being put first and not just a pocket book of money.

India China compare and contrast Essay

Hinduism and Buddhism were two very different religions that arose on the subcontinent of India. They were the building blocks of the most populated country in the world and still have lasting impacts today. India’s Hindu and Buddhist roots play a major role in their actions today as a world super power. By extension, Hinduism and Buddhism played very different but equally vital roles in the beginnings of India’s modern societal and cultural values. The influences on society of Hinduism and Buddhism differed in Hinduism’s implementation of a strict rigid caste system and the Buddhist idea of having a single leader that influenced the people (a Bodhisattva), while they were similar in both giving the people who followed them a goal in life because both religions promoted right living to achieve spiritual enlightenment. Hinduism and Buddhism differed in the societal impact of caste implementation; the Hindus strongly forced this stratified class system while the Buddhists discouraged it. This is one of the largest differences between these two religions and played a major role in the history of India. In India, before the life of Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha), the caste system was a way of life. Its strict and rigid implementation into the daily lives of all changed the society through such varying social classes. The caste system divided people into very strict social classes, and relationships/intermarriage between castes was not allowed. This meant that the classes in India stayed the same, and moving up or down in caste was impossible. When Buddhism was introduced, the Buddha believed the caste system was not needed for enlightenment and as his followers accumulated, the impact of the caste system dimished, allowing for the eventual banning of it altogether. Both of these religions’ beliefs pertaining to caste regulation and social stratification forever changed the ideals of India and continue to today. Hinduism and Buddhism also differed in the existence of a single leader; the Hindus had none, while the Buddhists followed the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. This difference impacted society because before the rise of Buddhism, the Hindus had no specific origin or leader to follow. When the Buddha began his teachings, the society of India experienced a monumental shift as many of the people previously lacking a leader had someone to follow. This began the transition  to Buddhism as well as instigated other social impacts like the weakening of the previously absolute caste system and majority Hindu following in India. The Buddha’s teachings and ideas were described in the allegorical novel, Siddhartha, which shows in part the Buddha’s following, his rise in fame, and journey to enlightenment through life. The foll owers and fame of the Buddha gradually changed the values and beliefs of Indian society as nothing in several thousand years of Hindu dominance had. As a result, this changed Indian society in ways that we continue to see to this day. However, Hinduism and Buddhism were similar in giving their followers a goal (enlightenment) in life; Hinduism and Buddhism’s followers both strive to achieve enlightenment or nirvana: through Moksha, Karma, and Dharma, or through the eight-fold path. Either way, Indians have a goal in life, something with lasting impacts on societal values and the way of life of many Indians. Siddhartha, written as an allegory, displays this perfectly. The protagonist strives for enlightenment in life in the same way the followers of this religion do. As a result, this religion changes the society of India through living consciously to ones Dharma and practicing all aspects of the eight-fold path. Instead of living life hopelessly, like the early Mesopotamians who had nothing to hope for after life on earth, Indians strive for the betterment of society through first bettering themselves and altering the soci ety as a whole.

A needs orientated approach to care The WritePass Journal

A needs orientated approach to care Introduction A needs orientated approach to care IntroductionAssessmentPlanningImplementationEvaluationConclusionReference listRelated Introduction The aims of this assignment are to provide a needs orientated approach to care using a nursing model alongside a nursing process in order to create a framework. The nursing model for the purpose of the assignment will be Roper, Logan and Tierney (RLT). A nursing model is used to determine what is important and relevant to providing individualized care (Barrett, Wilson, Woollands 2009). This will be discussed in detail providing evidence of strengths and weaknesses of the model. The nursing process that will be discussed will be APIE which is assess, plan, implement and evaluate. A nursing process is a systematic approach which focuses on each patient as an individual ensuring that the patients holistic needs are taken into consideration. These include physical, social, psychological, cultural and environmental factors. . The nursing process is a problem solving framework for planning and delivering nursing care to patients and their families (Atkinson and Murray 1995). When used coll aboratively the nursing model and the nursing process should provide a plan of care that considers the patient holistically rather than just focusing on their medical diagnosis (Moseby’s 2009). It will also discuss an example of a care plan done for a fictional patient and evaluate and discuss how the nursing plan and the nursing process have created a plan of care and how effective this was or was not. Care planning is a highly skilled process used in all healthcare settings which aims to ensure that the best possible care is given to each patient.   The Nursing and Midwifery council state that care planning is only to be undertaken by qualified staff or by students under supervision. The Department of health (2009) says that â€Å"Personalized care planning is about addressing an individual’s full range of needs, taking into account their health, personal, social, economic, educational, mental health, ethinic and cultural background and circumstances† with the aim of returning the patient to their previous state before they became ill and were hospitalized considering all of these needs to provide patient centered care. It recognizes that there are other issues in addition to medical needs that can impact on a person’s total health and well being’.It provides a written record accessible to all health professionals where all nursing interventions can b e documented. Care planning is extremely important as it enables all staff involved in the care to have access to relevant information about the patients current medical problems and how this affecting them in relation to the 12 activities of living as well as any previous medical history. Barrett et al (2009) state that taking care of an individuals needs is a professional, legal and ethical requirement. There are many different nursing models all of which have strengths and weaknesses and its up to the nurse to choose the right one for individual patient, the model which is used will vary between different speciailties depending on which is more relevant to the patient and their illness and needs. Although a vast majority of hospitals now use pre-printed care plans it is important to remember that not all the questions on them will be relevant to all patients. An example of this would be that activity of breathing may not have any impact on a healthy young adult be would be a majo r factor for an elderly man with COPD. There are four stages to the nursing process which are Assess, plan, implement and evaluate (APIE) but Barrett et al state that there should be six stages to include systematic nursing diagnosis and recheck (ASPIRE)   as although they are included in the nursing process they are not separate stages and could be overlooked.(Barrett et al 2009). It is important that a nursing process is used and it is set out in a logical order, the way in that the nurse would think this helps minimize omissions or mistakes. Roper, Logan and Tierney model of nursing suggests that there are five interrelated concepts which need to be taken into consideration when planning and implementing care which are activities of living, lifespan, dependence/independence continuum, factors influencing activities of living and individuality in living (Roper, Logan and Tierney 2008). Assessment Assessment is fundamental to gaining all the information required about the patient in order to give the best possible care. â€Å"Assessment is extremely important because it provides the scientific basis for a complete nursing care plan† (Moseby’s 2009). The initial assessment untaken by nurses is to gather information regarding the patients needs but this is only the beginning of assessing as the holistic needs of the patient including physical, physiological, spiritual, social, economic and environmental needs to be taken into consideration in order to deliver appropriate individualized care (Roper, Logan and Tierney 2008). When using the 12 activities of living (ALs) for assessment it gives a list a basic information required but must not just be used as a list as the patient will respond better to questions asked in an informal manner and when just part of the general conversation. RLT (2008) state that although every AL is important some are more important than o ther and this can vary between patients. It is important for nurses to obtain appropriate information through both verbal and non-verbal conversation patients are more likely to give correct information but without jumping to conclusions or putting words into their mouths. ‘Assessment is the cornerstone on which a patients care is planned, implemented and evaluated (RLT 2008). â€Å"Poor or incomplete assessment subsequently leads to poor care planning and implementation of the care plan† (Sutcliffe 1990). Information can be gained from the patient, the patients family and friends as well as any health records (Peate I, 2010) During this process of gathering information it is important to find out what the patient can do as well as what they cant. , McCormack, Manley and Garbett (2004) state that gathering the information requires a certain kind of relationship between the nurse and the patient and nurses need to be able to communicate effectively in order to be able to build this relationship.   A full assessment needs to consider how the patient was before they became ill or hospitalized in relation to their medical diagnosis as well as how the patient was dealing with it, how they are now, what is the change or difference if any, do they know what is causing the change, what if anything they are doing about it, do they have any resources now or have they have in the past to deal with the problem (barrett et al). RLT (2008) state that there are 5 factors that influence the 12 activities of living which are biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental and politicoeconomic, these may not all have an effect on each patient but all need to be taken into consideration.The more information gained in the assessment process the easier the other steps will follow. RLT (2008) suggest that assessing is a continuous process and that further information will be obtained through observations and within the course of nursing the patient. At the end of the initial assessment the nurse should to identify the problems that the patient has. There are limitations to using a nursing process which are   the 12 als are often used as a list as part of a core care plan and are not always individualized Walsh (1998) argues that the 12 activities of living may just be used as a list which could result in vital information being missed which could be detrimental to the patient. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) states a nurse is personally and professionally accountable for actions and omissions in practice and any decisions made must always be justifiable. There are many benefits to using a nursing process it is patient centered and enables individualized care for each patient. It also gives patients input into their own care and gives them a greater sense of control it is outcome focused using subjective and objective information which helps and encourages evaluation of the care given. It also minimizes any errors and omissions. When I carried out the assessing stage on mabel I did this using the 12 activities of living as suggested by Roper et al (2008) but this was used too much like a checklist. I didn’t gather enough information in order to be able to do the best plan of care possible for her although I don’t feel this could have been detrimental to the care she received it needed more information than I had. I also found it difficult deciding which information should go where so I endened up repeating information in more than one of the 12 als, Which although this wouldn’t have made a difference to the planning of the care plan there was too much irrelevant information which could mean that it wasn’t read thoroughly just skimmed over as it would take too much time. As I am inexperienced in doing this I realized when writing the care plan that there were many questions that I didn’t ask so there where many parts that could not be filled in. I also didn’t gather e nough objective data for certain parts so I didn’t have   any evidence that the care had worked or how effective it had been. This is where Barrett et al (2009) state that there should be a systematic nursing diagnosis where nurses establish a nursing diagnosis rather than just a medical diagnosis. This is where the holistic needs of a patient are taken into consideration. Although nursing diagnosis differs from a medical diagnosis the two do interlink but a nursing diagnosis considers the physical, psychological and spiritual aspects of the medical diagnosis and problems that may arise from these. Another part of the systematic nursing diagnosis is to provide baselines to state where the patients are at at the present time so that a needs statement can be written in conjunction with the patient in terminology that they can understand(Barrett et al 2009). Planning The next stage of the nursing process is planning this is where all the information gained in the assessment part to plan the care of the patient. The planning stage of the process is where achievable goals need to be made through discussion with care givers and the patient or the patients representative. These goals need to contain both subjective goals and objective goals in order for them to be measurable and evaluated. The plan of care is to solve the actual problems the patient has and to prevent potential problems from becoming actual ones. It also aims to help the patient cope with their illness in a positive way and to make them as comfortable and pain free as possible (RLT 2008). Planning needs to be totally individualized and patient centered they need to feel they have a voice and part of the team. The more information gathered in assessment the easier the plan of care will be. The main objective of a nursing plan is to ‘provide the information on which systematic, i ndividualized nursing can be based and individualized nursing can be based and implemented by any nurse’ (RLT 2008). Through a detailed individualized plan of care any nurse caring for a particular patient should be able to see exactly what is required of them as all the information will be recorded in the care plan.   The NMC (2008) says that nursing interventions need to be specific for that particular patient, based on best evidence, measurable and achievable. There are many different criteria for setting goals just one of these is PRODUCT which stands for, Patient centered, recordable, observable and measurable, directive, understandable and clear, credible and time related. This is just meant as a way of helping nurses to set goals (Barrett et al 2009). When planning care a great emphasis needs to be based on the dependence/independence continuum which will have been established in the assessment phase. The care to be given will encourage the patient to get back to as reasonably possible or as close to where they were on the continuum as they were before they were admitted to hospital. Planning also needs to take into account the resources available to implement the care as they need to ensure that the care they are planning is achievable and will not be compromised by lack of resources or a shortage of nursing staff (Roper et al 2008). When I did a plan of care for mabel it quickly became evident how inexperienced I was. I didn’t gather enough information in the assessing period to be able to do an effective plan of care. I also didn’t know how achievable the goals where as I wasn’t aware of how long they would take to improve or if they where achievable or not, I also found it difficult determine which problems were interrelated and as a result tried to link anxiety in with another problem when in fact it was a problem on its own. I was able to write the needs statements effectively that were not long but on a couple of these the influencing factors were missed out which would be necessary when providing holistic care. Planning care for a patient requires a great deal of knowledge in the chosen specialty which is why it must be carried out by a qualified member of staff or a student under supervision. Implementation Implementation is the next part of the nursing process and where all the goals which were set in the planning stage are put into motion and the goals can start to be achieved through nursing and medical interventions. The main component of the implementation stage is the delivery of the care to the patient. This is done with nursing staff, the multidisciplinary team members involved in the patients care such as doctor, dieticians and physiotherapists and the patient themselves in order for the patient to be able to return to how they were previously before they were admitted to hospital. The plan of care will be specific to the particular patient and will focus on the biopsychosocial aspects of the patient (Marriner 1983).Implementation provides great emphasis on individualized care which is why it is important to establish in the previous phases where they are on the dependence/independence continuum and what they are able to do now and what they were able to do before. Individualis ed care is associated with how the patient did things before such as how the person carries out the ALs and how often they carry these out. An example of this would be when carrying out the AL of personal cleansing and dressing to individualise the care it would be necessary to have determined in the assessing stage how the patient usually did this and how often it wouldn’t be individualized if in the care plan it was stated that they got a shower every morning if at home they only did this once a week. Core care plans may be used in certain situations this can provide a greater level of care as potential problems can be foreseen if related to a certain problem on the other hand it is also important not to standardize care as patients react differently to different illnesses and treatment. (Faulkner A, 2000). The NMC (2008) state that nurses are required to ‘Make the care of people your first concern, treating them as individuals and respecting their dignity’. In order to deal with certain problems or situations people often develop coping strategies which can be either adaptive or maladaptive. Adaptive coping strategies are usually helpful to the patient whereas maladaptive ones could be detrimental to their health such as smoking or drinking, the patient may feel this helps them to deal with a present situation but it is actually causing them harm.   Patients need to be discouraged from using maladaptive coping strategies this could be done by introducing them to adaptive coping strategies and encouraging them to change their maladaptive ones into adaptive ones. Diamond (2008) states that there are also legal and ethical issues when it comes to implementing care as consent needs to be gained before any care is implemented and if this is not given the care cannot be given this will obviously have an effect on how effective the care has been when evaluating the care. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) state in section 3 of the code o f conduct you must obtain consent before you give any treatment or care (2002). During the implementation of Mabel I found that although I was able to implement the care effectively I hadn’t recognized all of the nursing interventions needed to provide holistic care and I wasn’t fully aware of timescales of the planned care. I feel I also needed to research further into Mabel’s problems in order to gain the appropriate knowledge to provide the best care available as this would ensure that are the interventions are evidence based and best practice (NMC 2008). Barrett et el (2008) state that this is where recheck should take place which would enable the health care provider to establish how effective the plan of care is before the treatment ends this would enable them to re-evaluate the plan of care while the treatment is still ongoing and adjust the goals accordingly. Evaluation Evaluation is where the care that has been given can be assessed to evaluate the care given and whether it has worked or not. Chalmers (1986) describe that it is an ongoing and continuous process and also occurs at timed points in a formal setting. Roper et al (2000) say that evaluating care also provides a basis for ongoing assessment, planning and evaluation. There are two different parts to evaluation summative evaluation and formative evaluation. Formative evaluation is done with the patient taking into account whether they feel the care given has worked when done with consideration of the dependence/independence continuum information regarding the patients previous place on the dependence/independence continuum can be obtained from the patient, their friends and relatives as well as other health care professionals in the multidisciplinary team involved in the care of the patient. Summative evaluation is when the holistic view of the patient is taken into consideration how they feel about the treatment, whether they felt that the goals were achievable. It so where all the measureable data stated in the baselines and data received after this time are analyzed to show how effective or not the treatment has been. When evaluating care consideration needs to be given to the influencing factors such as biological factors as the bodies physical ability varies according to age the physical ability of an older person is generally less efficient, therefore therefore the plan of care needs to take this into consideration so that when the evaluation takes place it its hoped to have been effective. A nurse needs to evaluate her patient’s status regularly for some patients this will be just once a day but for others it will be much more frequent depending on their illness and healthcare status. RLT (2008) says that evaluation must be individual to the specific patient and not just a standard goal that is related to a specific problem. If goals haven’t been achieved then it is up to the nursing staff to determine why. Maybe the goals set weren’t measureable or achievable. Parsley and Corrigan (1999) say that if goals haven’t been measureable or achievable then new goals need t o be set. It could also be that the nursing interventions were not successful in which case new interventions should be set. Through my evaluation of Mabel it was evident that I did not require all the information to do a comprehensive plan of care. Although I did set baselines which meant I could compare data I wasn’t experienced enough to set goals to the correct timeframe I also didn’t obtain enough measureable information in certain problems to be fully able to assess how effective or ineffective the care had been. Had I had more experience I feel that the evaluation wouldn’t be a problem.   Evaluation requires checking and rechecking in order to see the effectiveness of the care delivered. It requires knowledge and expertise to be able to effectively evaluate and amend the goals and interventions set as necessary. The whole care planning process took me a long time and I still was not very good at certain aspects of it. When setting goals a lot of detailed information is required in order for the plan of care to be effective so I can now understand why it is necessary for a trai ned member of staff to carry out the task. Conclusion This assignment has shown that when used together the nursing process and the nursing model provide a good basis to providing care. It sets out a systematic approach to providing care. Care needs to be set out in a way that both the nurse and the patient know exactly what is happening as well as any other health care professional in the multidisciplinary team providing care for the patient. It has also shown that involving patients in their care enables them to feel they are part of the team and are more likely to help themselves with their care. Reference list Sutcliffe E 1990, Reviewing the process progress. A critical review of literature on the nursing process. Senior Nurse, 10(a), 9-13. Applying the Roper-Logan-Tierney model in practice 2008 Elsevier ltd. Roper N, Logan W, Tierney J (2008) The Roper Logan Tierney model of nursing, Churchill Livingstone:London. Dimond, B. (2008) Legal Aspects of Nursing, 4th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education. Barrett D, Wilson B, Woolands A (2009) Care planning a guide for nurses: Pearson, Essex. Faulkner A (2000) Nursing The reflective approach to adult nursing. Stanley Thornes: Cheltenham. Peate I (2010) Nursing care and the activities of living 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell: West Sussex. Yura H, Walsh M (1983) The nursing process: Assessment, Planning, Implementing, Evaluating. Appleton Century: Crofts Norfolk. Cook S (1995) The merits of individualized measures within routine clinical practice. . dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Longtermconditions/DH_093359(2009) (29/04/11 Alfaro R (2002), Applying the nursing process: Promoting collaborative care 5th ed. Lippincott: London. Moseby’s Medical Dictionary (2009), 8th ed, Elsevier. nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/Advice-by-topic/A/Advice/Accountability/[Date Accessed 11/04/2011]. McCormack B, Manley K and Garbett R (2004) Practice Development in Nursing, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Atkinson L Murray E, (1995), Clinical guide to care planning, McGraw, Oxford. NMC (2002), The NMC code of professional conduct, Nursing and Midwifery Council Publications

Empire of the Sun Essays

Empire of the Sun Essays Empire of the Sun Paper Empire of the Sun Paper Essay Topic: Film Steven Spielbergs film The Empire of the Sun, based on J G Ballards novel, follows the experience of James (Jim) Graham during the siege of Shanghai by the Japanese during the Pacific War of the 1940s. The film utilises a number of cinematographic effects so as to create atmosphere and depth, and successfully reaches viewers emotions. The film successfully employs imagery as a means for creating atmosphere. Throughout the film, underlying parallels can be observed, linking situations to other similar scenarios, which occur earlier in the film. In addition to imagery, music and sound affects are also central to the viewers overall appreciation of this film, and constitute an important part of the overall result. Characterisation, as could be expected, is also important for the viewers understanding of this text. In terms of filmic devices, a particularly important scene from this movie is that of coffins floating along the Yangtze (Yellow) River. This scene, which is accompanied by Suo Gan, involves the depiction of a number of coffins, presumably containing corpses, slowly drifting along the river in Shanghai. Although the viewer cannot be sure that these coffins are in some way connected with traditional custom, the theme of death and a definite end to life, involving the river, and the theme of the river as serving as some form of path towards an alternative existence is revisited, during a later stage of the film. Towards the conclusion of Empire of the Sun, Jim throws a suitcase into the Yangtze, in a symbolic gesture of putting an end to the past and allowing objects indicative of his past life to float along the river, towards an unknown end. The suitcase was another example of a filmic device employed in this movie. Jim often refers to it and appears to treasure its contents as providing some form of proof of his existence prior to his being taken by the Japanese. For Jim, the suitcase represented a link between the frustration of life in the camp and the relative serenity of his past existence. In addition to the underlying themes presented in this movie, cinematic affects also constitute an important part of the films overall ambience and charisma. The image of Jim alone in a deserted house, in an area of Shanghai occupied by expatriate taipans, is important for character development, as well as the development of a level of empathy towards this character on the part of the viewer. Jims relative inability to care for himself, as well as his childish response of taking advantage of his parents absence through riding a bicycle inside the empty house, shows to the viewer something of his vulnerability and innocence. His mad obsession with aeroplanes, which had already been highlighted prior to his parents disappearance, draws even more attention to his innocence and childishness. The frequent repetition and return to themes already explored in the film highlights to the viewer something of the way characters develop in their changed environment. The scene of Jim riding his bicycle indoors is repeated towards the end of this text, as he rides through the deserted rooms of the Japanese war camp. The intention of this scene is perhaps slightly unclear. The director could be attempting to highlight Jims resilience in the face of change and hardship, or perhaps his ability to retain childhood despite the ordeals against which he has come. Jims obsession with aeroplanes is in no way diminished by his experience of the Japanese war camp. He still holds pilots, even from the Japanese forces, in high regard, and this is well emphasized through the inclusion of a mystic sequence, put to the music of Suo Gan. The sequence involves the depiction of a commissioning ceremony for kamikaze pilots. Jim, presumably moved by the solemnity and dignity of the ceremony, sings loudly. The use of camera angles in this sequence is original and successfully highlights to viewers the bizarre yet somehow touching significance of the sequence. The symbolism of the red setting sun as the kamikaze pilots fly towards the horizon could be seen as being indicative of the looming sunset on Japanese Imperialism. The mystic sequence comes abruptly to an end with an American air raid on the prison camp. The scenes of devastation which follow the air raid, and the exodus of former prisoners flooding from the camp towards a brighter future are well depicted in this film. The particularly memorable usage of camera angles so as to draw attention to the large number of ex-prisoners leaving the camp is successful. Another significant theme of this movie is the confused and sentimental encounter between a Japanese soldier who had befriended Jim during the war and Jim himself. The two meet in the derelict and devastated surrounds of the former prison camp. Now able to show their mutual respect for each other, the Japanese soldier draws his sword, with the intention of assisting Jim is slicing a fruit. Misinterpreting this gesture, the rather hasty and rash figure of Basie, an American who assists Jim during the war, draws his gun and shoots at the Japanese soldier, mortally wounding him. Jim, horrified by this event, attempts to resuscitate the dead Japanese prison guard, whilst repeating I can bring everyone back in a fatigued yet compulsive manner. Throughout the movie one aspect, which could perhaps be improved, is that of dialogue and inter-character relations. Speech between characters is sometimes awkward and incredible. The relations between Basie, Frank and Jim are at times frustratingly badly constructed. At times Jim acts too foolishly and childishly for someone of his age, and this is particularly apparent through his loud outburst upon seeing B51 aeroplanes during an air raid on the prison camp in which he is detained. Mrs. Victor and her partner are sometimes too cold and sterile to be believed, especially as one considers the hardship and adversity faced by these two figures. Jims bizarre ability to be able to tame the anger of the Japanese guards is also hard to believe at times. Dialogue within the British community, as depicted in the commencing scenes of the movie, is well constructed and readily believable. Relations between Jim and his parents are very well depicted. Camera angle and music are especially well employed in the scenes of street life in Shanghai, as well as at the costume party attended by Jamies parents. Filmic devices are, for the most part, well suited for transmitting important themes and successful in achieving a high level of empathy between viewers and characters. In conclusion, director Steven Spielberg successfully uses images, sound, music and dialogue to develop the story line of the film and to create a believable and human atmosphere in this movie.

Anxiety Disorders

As you get up every morning, there is a fear of crossing that day. What happens if you are often concerned? What if there is a spontaneous and uncontrollable panic attack throughout the day? What if you can not control your hand to wash their bloody broken places? What happens if you have anxiety disorder? Anxiety is the most common disease in the United States, affecting 40 million adults over the age of 18; this accounts for 18% of the U.S. population. However, 22.8% of cases were considered as severe anxiety. Anxiety is thought to be an impairment of the shaft, there are five types of anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder and panic disorder, phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. The definition of post-traumatic stress disorder is as follows. Exposure to trauma, repression, abuse and development of severe situations and anxiety disorders of severe natural and unnatural disasters. Symptoms of post traumatic stress disord er are usually as follows: ... The crowd is anxiety disorder. It is clear that Western anxiety is increasing. Three main factors contribute to this, including treatment and reduction of anxiety in patients receiving education systems, technology, media, criticism. It is worth noting that in recent years it has become more difficult whether the educational system is good or bad in various ways. However, those who tend to be uneasy often go to school There are several types of anxiety disorders such as post - panic disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and related disorders, stress related diseases and trauma: The latest diagnosis and mental disorder statistical manual (DSM - 5) destroys anxiety to three categories. This difference suggests that although these diseases are commonly related, they are very diff erent. The six most common forms of anxiety are generalized anxiety disorder, post panic disorder, phobia, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by nonspecific living events, excessive concern about subjects and condition. People with GAD are often difficult to identify specific fears and control them. This means that fear is often unreasonable and not proportional to expectation under normal circumstances. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorder Anxiety is a tension associated with dangerous threats when the cause of anxiety is unknown. In contrast, fear is a tension associated with known hazards. I believe that mild anxiety in our daily life is normal. I was a little worried about that day, but everyday I can think about it. Anxiety warns us that we can prepare for response to battle and escape. However, the increase in anxiety hurts emotionally. Anxiety is thought to be an impairment of the shaft, there are five types of anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder and panic disorder, phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. The definition of post-traumatic stress disorder is as follows. Exposure to trauma, repression, abuse and development of severe situations and anxiety disorders of severe natural and unnatural disasters. Symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder are usually as follows: ... The crowd is anxiety disorder. It is clear that Western anxi ety is increasing. Three main factors contribute to this, including treatment and reduction of anxiety in patients receiving education systems, technology, media, criticism. It is worth noting that in recent years it has become more difficult whether the educational system is good or bad in various ways. However, those who tend to be uneasy often go to school There are several types of anxiety disorders such as post - panic disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and related disorders, stress related diseases and trauma: The latest diagnosis and mental disorder statistical manual (DSM - 5) destroys anxiety to three categories. This difference suggests that although these diseases are commonly related, they are very different.

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Critique - Essay Example The authors are looking forward to the best possible outcomes of regulation and taxation of marijuana; in short, they talk about issues on legalization. Marijuana has become illegal because the government together with its law prohibits it in the first place. The authors define marijuana to be legal when it is already regulated by the government and so potential tax must be obtained out from it. The authors look forward to this as for the sole purpose of funding the government’s drug and law enforcement activities with the collected tax. Furthermore, they assume that this will potentially decrease marijuana’s level of consumption, as its price will surge up high as an upshot of taxation activity. Furthermore, the authors define the legalization of marijuana by supplementing it with the assumption or circumstance that is associated with its prohibition. The authors simply are trying to point out the assumption that legalizing marijuana will remarkably address gang crimes and violence that are associated with its distribution and usage. This would require substantial proofs in the first place which the authors unfortunately fail to elaborately discuss in their argument. Conversely, one of the probable strengths of the authors’ argument is its being positive about the subject matter especially on the cost and crime control. In fact, the entire argument is substantially focused on the cost and crime control. Furthermore, the authors talk about the practicality in dealing with marijuana usage and distribution concerns. They bring out the entire issue to be highly associated with the prevailing crimes that relate with marijuana usage and distribution. The authors are making the best of this opportunity to convince the public and policy makers with their stand by integrating into their arguments some important knowledge that comes from their areas of expertise. By profession, the authors are internal medicine specialist and police officer. It is therefore

Vaccinating cattle against E.coli could cut human cases of infections Article

Vaccinating cattle against E.coli could cut human cases of infections by 85 percent - Article Example When the excretion from the cattle contain high percentage of the bacteria, the infection becomes significant. Nevertheless, there are vaccines, which reduce super-shedding in cattle. The findings of the study were that the vaccination of the cattle is likely to reduce human cases by approximately 85 percent. This is a strong figure supporting the adoption of the vaccine by livestock industries. Various countries like Scotland have engaged in research to establish an economic program for similar vaccination programmes. The aim of these countries is to develop more effective vaccines, which will reduce the impact of the bacterium on human life. Treating the cattle to cut down the number of human infection is justifiable, but there is need to put more effort in implementing the program and meeting the costs of the program. Public health has to be taken seriously to achieve this perspective. The hypothesis of the article was supported because nations across the world are responding positively to the implementation of the program. For instance, Scotland tackles an average of 235 culture positive cases of infections resulting from E.coli. This application continues to be extended to various nations for adoption. For example, the vaccine has been taken up in US. A version in US is not fully licensed yet the authority insists that veterinary medicines must indicate the improvement of human health. Louis, Matthews, Reeve, George, Gally, David L. Low, C. Woolhouse, Mark, McAteer, S. P. Locking, M. E. Chase-Topping, Margo, Haydon, Daniel, Allison, L. J. Hanson, G. Gunn, Joshua, and Reid, S. â€Å"Predicting the public health benefit of vaccinating cattle against Escherichia coli O157†. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013; DOI:

Paul Van Dyke Concert Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paul Van Dyke Concert Critique - Essay Example The costumes of the artist are a black shirt and black trouser. The staging of the singer is on a podium. The shooting of the video makes him appear to be moving across the podium from left to right and vice versa. A large part of the song mixes music, light, and motion using electrical control. The musicians were well prepared since the song achieved all the musical elements and styles in an efficient manner. The song is quite entertaining and has a message too. This is evidence that the musicians had a good command to the instruments (Ann 103). The song acted as an informative device to me. It made me feel the different and contrasting situations that humans undergo just because of the existing difference in time (Ann 98). The vocal style of the song is a soft one, which is not easy to understand. The next song is â€Å"the other side.† The song is categorized under the electronic dance music. The song has employed instruments such as guitar, drums, and piano. The vocal style used in the song is a soft one, and is easy to comprehend and interpret, with relevance to the video. Analyzed and interpreted, it is a political song showing the necessity of a good relationship between the top leading politicians in a given society and their subjects within the same society. The rhythm of the song is a complex one since there more than one rhythms in the song. It is easy for a dancer to get lost while listening. The song has a strong beat which changes in pitch and speed throughout the song. The tempo of the song is a medium a fast one. The costumes of the singer is a uniform black, both shirt and trouser. Other characters are in white attire. Considering the song’s choreography, there is no dancing on the performance of the song as the entire song takes place in the house of an old man. It looks like a story, in the making. The song was performed on a concert in New York. The musicians were not well prepared as there were difficulties hearing their voices. The instruments were high in volume submerging the performer’s voices. The lighting was red, in color making the background of the show appear red. The performers had a good command of music. Like other audiences, the song made me feel bad about the political system in our nation, where the top leaders behave like totalitarians towards their poor subjects. â€Å"Crush† is another song done by Dyke. There is the use of guitar, saxophones, trumpet, and drums in the song. It is electronic dance music. It is also classified under classical music. The vocal style is shouted, as there is a rising and falling of tones within the performance. The words or lyrics are difficult to understand. The core message

Nursing Profession in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing Profession in Australia - Essay Example In 1856, she pressed the need for better hygiene conditions in all military hospitals of U.K. On her insistence, Royal Commission on the Health of the Army was established. It was in 1860 when the Nightingale Training School was established on two basic principles; first, that nurses should get training in hospitals and second was that nurses should live in a home devoted to discipline and moral life. Through this school, Nightingale transformed nursing from its disreputable past to a respectable career for all. (Florence Nightingale)Nursing Profession in AustraliaIt was in 1902, that the Australian Army Nursing Service was formed and since then more than 6,700 nurses have served not only in two world wars but in the wars of Korean, Vietnam, and the Gulf wars. (South Australians†¦)Before World War II, the training and education of nurses in Australia was modelled on apprenticeship.   Students got selected on the basis of their moral and educational standards. Students were not charged for lodging, boarding or for vocational training. After completion of the training they were supposed to provide the services to the hospital. Students used to gain valuable experience under the supervision of the 'Ward Sister' in different areas. Ward Sisters were trained and qualified nurses and capable to train student nurses. The system was known as 'Nightingale System’ and got established so firmly that it remained unchanged for several decades. (National Review†¦)... (South Australians†¦) Before World War II, the training and education of nurses in Australia was modelled on apprenticeship. Students got selected on the basis of their moral and educational standards. Students were not charged for lodging, boarding or for vocational training. After completion of the training they were supposed to provide the services to the hospital. Students used to gain valuable experience under the supervision of the 'Ward Sister' in different areas. Ward Sisters were trained and qualified nurses and capable to train student nurses. The system was known as 'Nightingale System’ and got established so firmly that it remained unchanged for several decades. (National Review†¦) Another era of nursing is said to have started from 1943 that remained until 1984.That started with the pressure on old system of training. Recurring shortages of nurses was due to resignation of many practicing nurses and also due to high dropout ratio among nurses under train ing. The reasons were mainly status of nursing, their wages, and work conditions. In 1943, the Kelly committee suggested various measures to improve the status of nurses and the complete overhauling of the training of nurses. The committee further suggested to appoint sister tutors and sister instructors to all training schools at the postgraduate level and to establish a College of Nursing. (National Review†¦) Subsequently, almost 25 years later in 1967, the Institute of Hospital Matrons of New South Wales along with Australian Capital Territory came forward to appoint a Committee to look into the various aspects of nursing. The report emphasised to prepare for training on nursing

Fair Values in the Preparation of Financial Statements Essay

Fair Values in the Preparation of Financial Statements - Essay Example Relevant Information Information needs to be relevant to the needs of users in order to serve its purpose. However, there are also other fundamental qualities that financial statements need to have. These qualities include comparability, faithful representation, consistency, completeness, understandability, and reliability (BPP 2009a). Information is useless if it is not reliable and in a number of cases, the values described as fair values in the accounts do not provide a reliable estimate of the value of assets and liabilities. According to Bath (n.d.) concerns also focus on this matter. It should also be noted the more reliable the information is the less relevant it will be. Relevant information has predictive value, feedback value, and timeliness. Reliable information is verifiable Comparability of financial statements Financial statements need to be comparable from one year to the next and between one company and another. However, even though fair values may be said to be curre nt and therefore more comparable, the fact that judgment needs to be exercised brings subjectivity into play. In addition to that, those judgments on which investors and other stakeholders depend have their own agenda. In some cases, they may exercise their judgment in such a way as to manipulate the accounts. This, therefore, brings us back to the reliability of the figures in the financial statements. ... Â  the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) requires that the classification of financial instruments be recorded at fair value in a hierarchy consisting of three (3) levels. The first level (level 1) relates to quoted prices that have not been adjusted for identical assets and liabilities in active markets. The second level (level 2) relates to input prices but excludes quoted prices which are included in the first level and which can be observed directly for assets and liabilities, in the form of prices or in the form of derived prices indirectly. The third level relates to both assets and liabilities that are not based on market data that can be observed. IASB concluded that this would result in improvement for comparability purposes as well as assist in the convergence process of the IFRSs to the United States generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The basis that was given for that conclusion relates to the disclosures required by IFRS 7 and ASC having no differences in terms of their application. Khalik (2008) in his paper entitled ‘The case against fair value accounting’ indicated that its critics have suggested that in times of poor economic conditions fair value (FV) accounting leads to the generation of pessimistic assumptions that further result in significant reductions in asset values as well as major reductions in earnings because of the fact that unrealised losses are taken into account in the income statement.

The International Marketing Mix Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 4

The International Marketing Mix - Case Study Example In terms of product, PepsiCo utilizes a wide variety of different positioning strategies for each product brand. However, as each food and beverage product is being distributed to different multinational consumers and a high volume of competition exists in this market, PepsiCo must use its marketing focus to create a connection with consumers through various branding activities. For example, if the typical Aquafina (bottled water) drinker is the athletic and motivated consumer fitting the psychographic profile of social and recreational enthusiast, PepsiCo must position Aquafina as a brand which befits lifestyle and utilizes various marketing communications (as an integrated bundle of marketing messages) to appeal to this demographic. In some developing countries, Aquafina might be more of a staple drink in an environment where clean, city water systems are not common in foreign neighborhoods. This would provide PepsiCo with the opportunity to position Aquafina as a reliant brand suc h as emphasizing its quality or mineral content. For instance, PepsiCo, in an attempt to appeal to the international consumer with a dedication for environmental advocacy, created a partnered marketing strategy with Sam’s Club (a Wal-Mart company) entitled Return the Warmth to promote recycling and other environmental initiatives (Annual Report, 2007). This indicates how the company utilizes various social trends and a desire to make brands appeal to different demographic segments as a means to give PepsiCo brands competitive advantage and boost international profitability. Â   Â   Â   Â  The company also utilizes creative marketing practices, such as new logo design and product packaging visuals, to appeal to the diverse multinational consumer. With the recent decline in global demand for PepsiCo products, the company is attempting to reinvigorate the Pepsi brand by changing cans. In an attempt to appeal to the foreign, contemporary U.S. consumer, the Pepsi brand designed the cans to reflect various emotions which are used in countries where text messaging is popular (Birchall, 2008).

Fair Values in the Preparation of Financial Statements Essay

Fair Values in the Preparation of Financial Statements - Essay Example Relevant Information Information needs to be relevant to the needs of users in order to serve its purpose. However, there are also other fundamental qualities that financial statements need to have. These qualities include comparability, faithful representation, consistency, completeness, understandability, and reliability (BPP 2009a). Information is useless if it is not reliable and in a number of cases, the values described as fair values in the accounts do not provide a reliable estimate of the value of assets and liabilities. According to Bath (n.d.) concerns also focus on this matter. It should also be noted the more reliable the information is the less relevant it will be. Relevant information has predictive value, feedback value, and timeliness. Reliable information is verifiable Comparability of financial statements Financial statements need to be comparable from one year to the next and between one company and another. However, even though fair values may be said to be curre nt and therefore more comparable, the fact that judgment needs to be exercised brings subjectivity into play. In addition to that, those judgments on which investors and other stakeholders depend have their own agenda. In some cases, they may exercise their judgment in such a way as to manipulate the accounts. This, therefore, brings us back to the reliability of the figures in the financial statements. ... Â  the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) requires that the classification of financial instruments be recorded at fair value in a hierarchy consisting of three (3) levels. The first level (level 1) relates to quoted prices that have not been adjusted for identical assets and liabilities in active markets. The second level (level 2) relates to input prices but excludes quoted prices which are included in the first level and which can be observed directly for assets and liabilities, in the form of prices or in the form of derived prices indirectly. The third level relates to both assets and liabilities that are not based on market data that can be observed. IASB concluded that this would result in improvement for comparability purposes as well as assist in the convergence process of the IFRSs to the United States generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The basis that was given for that conclusion relates to the disclosures required by IFRS 7 and ASC having no differences in terms of their application. Khalik (2008) in his paper entitled ‘The case against fair value accounting’ indicated that its critics have suggested that in times of poor economic conditions fair value (FV) accounting leads to the generation of pessimistic assumptions that further result in significant reductions in asset values as well as major reductions in earnings because of the fact that unrealised losses are taken into account in the income statement.

Politicians and religious leaders Essay Example for Free

Politicians and religious leaders Essay What is courage and how do people define it? A lot of people have their own definitions of courage and a lot of them see it in many different ways. According to Webster’s dictionary courage implies firmness of mind and will in the face of danger or extreme difficulty (â€Å"Courage†). But in my own opinion having courage takes a lot of self confidence and audaciousness to be able to face one thing or do something that is very challenging and difficult. A lot of people define courage in lots of various ways. For other people such as soldiers, it may mean like fighting on a battle and facing all their enemies without any feeling of fear or hesitation to be able to serve their country and other people; willing to sacrifice their lives for the good of mankind and benefit of their country. In many circumstances, each and every individual in the world has courage. Different types of courage can be seen in their actions, words, works and other aspects of every human’s life. There are different kinds of courage and it depends on how an individual wants to illustrate it. There are physical types of courage and moral ones. Physical courage could pertain to facing or dealing with something that has something to do with being valiant and not feeling afraid of getting physically hurt and willing to face any kind of danger that can cause an individual to suffer physically or even face death. On the other hand moral courage is related to becoming brave and the act of doing something that is deemed to be right. It shows the readiness of an individual to demonstrate the right act despite of different consequences such as being put into shame or scandal. Two different kind of courageousness yet they both share only one thought and meaning, which is being fearless and ready to face anything whatever consequence it may lead one person (Welsh). People manifest the act of courage everyday as they live their life. From infants to adults, courage is always present and can be observed to each and every individual on earth. For instance, a one year old child should have courage to be able to learn to walk, children needs courage to go to their first day of school and meet new people, teachers, classmates and friends, even an adult should have courage to apply for a job and start working on a company. Another example is a man who loves a woman should have courage to tell her what he feels to achieve what he wants and he should also be ready for whatever consequence it may lead him, like knowing that the girl loves him too or it could be the other way around. Courageousness is the one who pushes somebody to do something no matter what outcome may be. Furthermore, sick people such as those who have serious illness who wants to live longer should have a lot of courage to fight for their lives and survive to be able to live longer. Politicians and religious leaders are also a good example of people who demonstrates courage. As for politicians, they have the courage to lead people and do their best to make things in order while religious leaders teaches people lessons in life and encourage people to do good and to be closer to God. They serve people and they are brave enough to do their tasks no matter what consequence they may get and experience out of their courageous act such as false accusations, mockery and scandals. Simple things in life require courage in order for somebody to do and face it. The true meaning of courage can be seen in every individual’s heart. Being brave is to stand up for what one person believes and act on it. It is something that can be seen in every human being. Courage may sound a very simple word but it has a great meaning and value to every person in the world. Without courage the world would be chaotic and the world will not be a better world. Works Cited Courage. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Merriam-Webster Online. 2 April 2009 http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/courage Welsh, Bill. Definition of Courage. 116acw. acc. af. mil. 14 September 2006. 2 April 2009 http://www. 116acw. acc. af. mil/news/story. asp? id=123027106

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Jvc Versus Wholly Owned Management Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Jvc Versus Wholly Owned Management Essay When companies enter the international market, they are facing a very important decision-making. That is they enter the target market in which appropriate entry model. There are several entry modes to enter the international market. Two of them were discussed in the report: international Joint Venture Companies (JVCs) and wholly-owned subsidiaries. In light of the influence of the WTO with respect to relaxation of restrictions on foreign ownership across many industries in countries such as China and India, anecdotal evidence suggests that many companies are now opting to set-up wholly-owned subsidiaries rather than international Joint Venture Companies. Reasons they select wholly-owned subsidiaries were analyzed in the report. Disney Paris was taken as the case and the failed joint venture case shows that it is a key issue for companies to select appropriate entry mode to target country when they choose the target market. Advantages and disadvantages of the JVC versus the wholly-own ed subsidiary were analyzed in several aspects. In a wholly owned subsidiary, senior managers almost have the same cultural background and cultural differences and cultural conflicts could be avoided in management, while this cultural differences and cultural conflicts has been there at the time in JVCs. wholly owned subsidiaries have higher control right than JVCs and they can protect commercial secrets in order to avoid losing to the partner and competitors. They put higher investment and get higher returns than JVCs. While compared with JVCs, wholly-owned subsidiaries have some disadvantages in operational risks, higher opportunity cost, relatively large political risk and disadvantage of exit. Wholly-owned subsidiaries have higher operational risks than JVCs due to uncertain factors in operation and higher opportunity cost because they develop new sales channels and advertising channels to operate effectively under the host environment. Political risk is higher as they depend on the host countrys political environment and political stability. Wholly-owned subsidiaries could exit the host country difficultly because the full investment while JVCs are easier to end. More and more companies select a wholly-owned subsidiary as a few reasons discussed above. They hope get appropriate recognition and support from the host country, at the time get larger profit. 2.0 Theory and entry mode Entering the international market is that a business participates in global market competition and international business development with capital, products, technologies, services and policy. Market heterogeneity induces a positive correlation between firms decisions that can be spuriously confounded with positive strategic interactions. (Victor, Mira, Roman, 2007, p.449). Enterprises should elect the appropriate entry mode in understanding various factors. The factors are including companys strategy, international experience, and inherent technology, economies of scale, culture, pricing, promotion, investment costs, market size and market growth, political and legal, risk and so on. It can be seen in figure 1. Figure 1 the Factors of selecting entry mode Political Legal Economic Marketing Research Competitive Analysis Promotions Logistics and Distribution Products Services Pricing Culture Market Entry Strategy Organising/ Restructuring Disney opened the Euro Disney theme park in Paris, France, selecting the joint venture companies with the investment of 1.8 billion U.S. dollars, and 49% of total shares. Which the equity brought about was a considerable control on management and operation. The operating results of Disneyland Paris are not satisfactory so far. The number of tourists in Paris was much lower than expected during the first year and the per capita spending was below the expected level. All these made operating loss reach 900 million U.S. dollars of the Paris theme park, forced the closure of a Paris park hotel, and fired 950 employees. The failed joint venture case shows that it is a key issue for companies to select appropriate entry mode to target country when they choose the target market. The motive of selecting entry mode was to entering the market as fast as possible and to obtain benefit from the existing market share of the local firm.( Estrin et al.,1997, p.136). Enterprises should elect the appropriate entry mode in understanding various factors. The factors are including Unified strategic actions, international experience, and Exit barriers, economies of scale, culture, Control right, Profits received, Trade Secrets, market size and market growth, Limited market size, risk and so on. 2.1 International Joint Venture Companies The joint venture enterprise refers to joint investment, management and shares options and a total risk. The Joint venture partners can take advantage of a mature marketing network and they are easily accepted by the host country because of the participation of local enterprises. 2.2 Wholly-owned subsidiaries An enterprise directly invested to set up wholly-owned subsidiary in other countries. They can use a variety of forms such as brand, trademark, patented technology and other investment. 3.0 Reasons for wholly-owned subsidiaries When a company enters the international market, they do not know whether the selected entry mode is the optimal. They make decision and select an entry mode according to various factors. More and more companies now select wholly-owned subsidiaries when they enter the target country. For example, company with internal funds, or low leverage, are more likely to choose wholly-owned subsidiaries while they need to raise investment. (Klaus Meyer Saul Estrin, 1998. p.9). There are several reasons: firstly, technical content and differentiation in their products are so high. Once other companies master technology, they would lose their competitive advantages. So they select wholly-owned subsidiaries in order to avoid these assets and technology used and obtained by competitors. Secondly, products are difficult to imitate by competitors. They can not b e replaced, so the company does not regard to market share when they plan to enter the target countries. Thirdly, their products are scarce in target countries, and they are easily accepted and applied properly once they enter in. they do not need to rely on local sales channels and political relations. On the other hand, wholly-owned subsidiary is better than joint venture. Firstly, setting-up wholly-owned subsidiaries can help companies retain more easily technology and knowledge to increase corporate brand value. Secondly, setting-up wholly-owned subsidiaries can establish good mechanisms for operational control, handling disputes and optimizing resources to enhance the marketing control. For example, American and Japanese manufacturing companies, financial services companies and tourism companies set up wholly-owned subsidiaries can help in Australia. When they chose Australia as the target country, they analyzed all kinds of factors, and finally they took full advantages in the service and quality, the original brand and trademark, to establish wholly-owned subsidiaries. The subsidiary has the same business model a nd service methods with parent company. Relative advantages and disadvantages of the JVC versus the wholly-owned subsidiary When companies enter the international market, they are facing a very important decision-making. That is they enter the target market in which appropriate entry model. The following will discuss and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of two modes. Table 1 advantages and disadvantages of the JVC versus wholly-owned subsidiary Wholly-owned subsidiaries JVCs Control right High Low Trade Secrets Remain Known by others Unified strategic actions High Low Profits received High Low Risk High low Resources Cost High Low Cultural Differences High Low Limited market size High Low Exit barriers High low 4.0 Advantages and disadvantages of the JVC versus the wholly-owned subsidiary 4.1 Advantages of the JVC versus the wholly-owned subsidiary 4.1.1 Cultural Differences Social and cultural factors have a very important effect on international market entry mode, and it is mainly on the cultural differences between the home country and host country. The cultural value pattern may strengthen the relative importance of one of these values over the other one. (Piotr, Agnieszka Krystyna, 2008, p.227). The cultural differences are from language, values, life and work patterns, management and business model. If the cultural differences are obvious, the home country needs to spend more to adapt to cultural distance. In a wholly owned subsidiary, all senior managers come from the home country. They have the same cultural background and the same management philosophy, the same way of thinking and behavior patterns. When they consider the strategic objectives and strategic interests, they take the parent companys strategic objectives and long-term direction as goals. So cultural differences and cultural conflicts could be avoided in management. While in the joint venture company, managers and employees come from different countries with different cultural backgrounds, they have different values, different management attitudes and different operational practices. Unavoidable conflict happens as long as they work together. The stronger partner usually represents their economic achievements, so at rules, which are proposed by globalization and which would become an assumption not only for development of universal market, but also for standards of appropriate cultural behavior that would be suitable for representatives of all cultures. (Hofstede, G. 2001).And this cultural differences and cultural conflicts has been between partners from the beginning of joint venture, discussing cooperation, deciding to cooperate, establishing joint ventures to co-management and co -operation. 4.1.2 Control right Parent company participates in the management and decision-making, according to the Articles of Association, because they are the controlling shareholder of wholly-owned subsidiaries. All of these companies would benefit from a framework for decision making to determine if entry into this market is feasible for them. (Dennis Chwen, 2002, p.332).The principal leaders are appointed by the parent company, and their appointment, assessment, rewards and punishments are done by parent company. On the other hand, the parent company should regulate the business development plan, the orientation of investment and management activities, while the wholly-owned subsidiaries should formulate or revise their own development strategies and recent planning under the guidance of parent company. On the third, the parent company should supervise operating conditions and asset quality in order to security, value-added and profit of invested assets. At the same time, wholly-owned subsidiaries should rep ort the financial condition and ensure the authenticity and accuracy of the provided information of the production, management and financial operations. The company can accept the common control when they select the entry mode of Joint ventures, and they will find the right partner and selecting lower ownership. Joint ventures companies could not control the company because they are in minority equity position. They could not control the management and operation, and they could not control the productions sales and t infringement of copyright and paten. It is hard to find a reasonable partner who is fully meet the conditions. On the other hand, limited resources could not be used rationally because of contention for control right. The lack of resources are caused scattered resources and new contention for resources started, again and again, leading to a vicious cycle. Finally, they lost their core competitiveness. This will cause instability of the joint venture, which ultimately lead to instability of the dissolution of the joint venture. JVCs Wholly-owned subsidiaries High control right High stockholding Low control right Low stockholding Table 2 the control right and stockholding 4.1.3 Protection of commercial secrets Wholly-owned subsidiary have large advantage in trademarks, and other technology to prevent meddle in its technical and business secrets, protection of basic monopoly position. Running a business of wholly owned subsidiary can be a simple assembly or complex manufacturing activities, and they have total control-right. The company could completely control the entire management and sales, production and promotion. They could independently dispose profits, and they can protect technology and commercial secrets. For the joint venture company, the local partners contributions are often the local knowledge, local government relations, market share, sales organizations and customer groups, which are the knowledge and understanding of environmental conditions, while foreign partners contributions are typically including technology, management and international support. For example, Australian companies established joints venture with China or India, they increased business investment, as well as provided a number of high value-added products and technologies. Therefore, it is possible that technical secrets and commercial secrets are lost to the partner, and develop into the competitors. 4.1.4 Higher returns In the long term strategic objectives, parent companies pursue to maximize the total value of foreign market, and they speed up the penetration and more control to put effectively wholly-owned subsidiaries into global system. Setting up wholly-owned subsidiaries could get a full return as the increasing experience overseas, fully using companys abilities and cultivating international competitive advantage. A firms return on capital is increasing its industrys state of demand, so it can takes advantage of favorable economic conditions.( Jose M. Pleth-Dujowich, 2008, p.2). Wholly-owned subsidiaries could introduce more advanced technology and equipment and management methods to produce highly competitive products. And parent companies adjust business strategy according to business activities to obtain the overall maximum benefit. In addition, the profits and other legitimate rights and interests which foreign investors obtained after investment in the host country are protected by the laws of the host. The legitimate profit and other lawful income can be remitted back to the home countries. On the other hand, wholly-owned subsidiaries may enjoy tax reduction or exemption preferential treatment in accordance with the provisions of the host country tax revenue. Relatively speaking, Joint venture companies put lower investment, and therefore, they get back low control right and lower return. The home countries are mainly investment of technology and capital, as well as the training on production and management of local staff to get successful conversion on technology and knowledge. Joint venture companies must be in win-win state. That means the return of each joint venture partner is larger and enough, if they are in win-win state so as to work hard for the next success. If a companys return is not in the win-win state, which shows one investment is failure and maybe the two investments are failure. the joint venture partners could not accept the strategic mistake and they should restructure or abandon the joint venture. The lower risk means lower profit for the joint venture companies, especially when productions of a joint venture company are for export, the profit of return will not be very high and even less. 4.2 Disadvantages of the JVC versus the wholly-owned subsidiary 4.2.1 Operational risks Wholly-owned subsidiaries have higher operational risks than JVCs due to uncertain factors in operation. There are some problems in the management of wholly-owned subsidiaries, such as imperfect governance structure, inadequate organizational structure, and inappropriate personnel selection. All these problems could cause wrong decisions, collusion, and low efficiency. On the one hand, subsidiaries engaged in related transactions or matters beyond approval authority or the scope of business, which might result in investment failures, litigation and loss of assets. On the other hand, the elected directors, managers and chief accountants and other senior managers can not plenipotentiary the parent company and they did not make strategies and consider the interests from the perspective of the parent company, and these would result in incorrect formulation and implementation of accounting methods and inaccurate information on the consolidated financial statements. The inaccurate informat ion and methods would bring out high risk on investors, and the company and investors would make decision-making mistakes and face to legal proceedings and other aspects of risks. The joint venture company has generally no problems above. On the one hand, the home country needs to learn and adapt to local environmental conditions to better understand the host countrys economic, political, social, cultural, etc., so as to help investors make the right decisions. They can absorb partners business management skills, experienced business and promotion channel to changes in demand and market share. Nippa1, Beechler and Klossek (2007) studied IJV success to find IJV regard to the foreign parent-local parent fit in. On the other hand, every decision-making need to be recognized by both home and host country managers. Once one partner that the other one harms the interests of the joint venture resulting in damage to the company, they would make recommendations to board of directors in order to improve co-operation. The two sides are fighting for the maximizing interests to avoid operational risks. 4.2.2 Higher opportunity cost Wholly owned company needs to develop their own knowledge and capacity, develop new sales channels and advertising channels to operate effectively under the host environment. For example, sales representatives need to look for good advertisers, and communicate with the advertising and coordination. Finding a good advertiser needs time and money, because advertisers are producers of goods and services who are interested in selling their products to customers and post ads on the media support. (Claude, Carole Bruno,2009, p.5). So the home country needs to go through best efforts to develop new business, and achieve the certain level in the strategic mode of a wholly owned subsidiary. They have to pass a long-term cultivation to get new business skills and required knowledge, so there is a higher opportunity cost. Joint venture company has low opportunity cost. They can more easily access the local market knowledge, understanding competitors and the local government policy from the partners. Companies develop network relationships with important customers, suppliers that the local business partners possessed through mutual commitments and learning.(Lee, Jun and Johanson, 2006,p.62). The Joint venture partners can take advantage of a mature marketing network, branding, economic relations, political status, consumer preferences, etc. and they are easily accepted by the host country because of the participation of local enterprises. 4.2.3 High input costs and high risk Establishing wholly-owned subsidiary, the parent company would face new challenges in strategic planning, marketing strategy, organizational design, and resource allocation, especially in financial management and internal control and other aspects. The parent company invests greatly on capital and resources for wholly-owned subsidiary, because the parent company pays the total investment in the host country, so it is extremely risky. The wholly-owned subsidiary has more affected by environmental uncertainties and greater risk. All the capital investment results in difficult changes in the capital, and further results in assets sunk costs. The full amount of capital investment and sunk costs would limit the strategic flexibility and increase the investment risk. At the meantime, large-scale investment of resources will lead to high switching costs, which in turn generates a high risk. So the higher control right, the more capital investment and the higher risk. But the host countries like wholly-owned subsidiaries, because they want to attract foreign investment without their own capital, and they increases tax revenues without the business risk. There is smaller capital and human capital investment for joint venture companies, and relatively speaking, the risk is lower. Risks should be taken to entering international market. Most companies decided to establish joint venture with the local business, because they want to reduce the risk of entering new markets. So they are looking for joint venture partners who are operating related product lines and have a good understanding of local markets. The foreign parent and the local company combined their resources so as to create competitive advantages and create dominant in marke. (Contractor and Lorange, 2002). Firstly the foreign partners started the cooperation from simple sales and marketing operations to a further risk reduction measures. Secondly, they can increase product sales. Finally, the foreign partners can improve or re-design products in order to better adapt to the local market and make large-scale investment. 4.2.4 Relatively large political risk The establishment of a wholly owned subsidiary has very stringent requirements for the host countrys political environment and political stability. The parent company can set up wholly owned subsidiary when the target country is under the situation of political stability, sound legal system, liberal investment policies, and exchange rate stability. In addition, the profits and other legitimate rights and interests which foreign investors obtained after investment in the host country are protected by the laws of the host. The legitimate profit and other lawful income can be remitted back to the home countries. On the contrary, the wholly owned subsidiary would be significant losses if the host country has political instability and investment policies and investment environment get some changes, which might result in the dissolution of wholly owned subsidiary. Joint venture companies get supported by the host governments. For the host countries, on the one hand, Joint venture companies can bring a number of high value-added products and technologies, and new management style. On the other hand, the local companies provide local government relations, market share, sales organizations and customer groups, and they could not lost their control right and equity. While for the home countries, JVCs can reduce the risk of operation and politics in different countries, regions and industries. They could get the support and cooperation on the tax barriers and preferential policies. 4.2.5 Disadvantage of exit For the wholly owned subsidiary, the parent company has to bear all the resources and costs, including costs of human resources, employment, labor costs, the investment of technical support, sales channel development and advertising costs and so on. They have high switching costs. Serious losses would be resulted in if they exit the target countries for some reason. For example, political situation of the host country has undergone drastic changes, and the wholly owned subsidiary can not maintain their normal production and operation, so the parent company had to close wholly owned subsidiary. The parent company may not fully recover the investment cost before they exit the host country, without mention profit. So it is very obvious disadvantage of exit. The joint venture companies are easier to end. JVCs entered the host country with lower cost of investment and some were into target country only with technology. They could end relationship of cooperation and exit target country when political environment changed and economic deterioration was serious. And they end the relationship with lower cost. On the other hand, they can terminate the agreements when market conditions or the business itself have also changed with lower price or cost 5.0 Conclusion Entering the international market is that a business participates in global market competition and international business development with capital, products, technologies, services and policy. The home countries should select the right entry mode for the international strategy and they should clear their own objectives firstly to choose entry mode. Entry mode provides information about the consequences of enter international relating shifts in market demand to changes in the equilibrium number of firms. (Timothy and Peter, 2008, p.978). Two of them were discussed in the report: international Joint Venture Companies (JVCs) and wholly-owned subsidiaries. Different entry mode means different control right. Enterprises should elect the appropriate entry mode in understanding various factors. The factors are including Unified strategic actions, international experience, and Exit barriers, economies of scale, culture, Control right, Profits received, Trade Secrets, market size and market g rowth, Limited market size, risk and so on. Compared with JVCs, wholly-owned subsidiaries has advantages in cultural differences, control right, protection of commercial secrets and higher returns. On the other hand, wholly-owned subsidiaries have some disadvantages versus JVCs. In the long term strategic objectives, parent companies pursue to maximize the total value of foreign market, and they speed up the penetration and more control to put effectively wholly-owned subsidiaries into global system. While, as for the joint venture, the local joint venture partners contributions are local knowledge, local government relations, market share, sales and customer groups because they have well-known about the local market, culture and knowledge and the understanding of economic environment. The foreign partner invested in technology, management and international support. This combination can reduce opportunity cost and switching costs to have clear business and promotion objectives and win the market share. However, there is no general optimal entry mode when enterprises enter the international market, because the international economic environment is perplexing and political environment is complex. The parent companies should select the reasonable entry mode acc ording to their own resources and strategic objectives and strategic policy.